09 · The Matter Stack物质的层级

Controlled Fusion可控核聚变

Level · Atomic Nucleus层级 · 原子核

"Bottling the sun is the cleanest deal civilization can sign with physics.""把太阳装进瓶里——是文明与物理之间最干净的一笔交易。"

Plane位面

Power动力

Value价值观

Save the Planet拯救地球

Cosmic name其名

Proton Energy质子能源

The frontier前沿概述

Fission powers about 10% of the world's electricity. Fusion — joining two light nuclei into one heavier nucleus — has been '30 years away' for 70 years. That is starting to change. In December 2022, the U.S. National Ignition Facility achieved fusion ignition: more energy out of a tiny target than the laser input that drove it (excluding the energy to charge the laser). Private companies — Commonwealth Fusion, Helion, Tokamak Energy — are now competing to put net-electricity reactors on the grid in the 2030s.裂变发电约占全球电力的 10%；核聚变——把两个轻核合为一个更重的核——则被预言“还差三十年”已达七十年。这正在改变。2022 年 12 月，美国国家点火装置实现“点火”：从微小靶丸释放的能量超过了驱动它的激光输入（不计激光本身的充电能耗）。私企——Commonwealth Fusion、Helion、Tokamak Energy——正在争先把净发电反应堆送上 2030 年代的电网。

Historical evolution历史演化

1938
Hahn–Meitner fission哈恩–迈特纳裂变
Heavy nuclei can split, releasing enormous energy.重核可裂分并释放巨能。
1952
Ivy MikeIvy Mike
First H-bomb test — fusion is real but only weaponized.首次氢弹试验——聚变成真，但只是武器化的。
1985
ITER agreedITER 立项
An international collaboration to build a 500MW demonstration tokamak.建造 500 兆瓦演示托卡马克的国际合作。
2022
NIF ignitionNIF 点火
First lab demonstration of net energy from inertial-confinement fusion.首例惯性约束聚变净能量的实验室演示。
2025+
Private fusion race私营聚变赛跑
Commonwealth, Helion, Tokamak Energy and others target grid-ready reactors.Commonwealth、Helion、Tokamak Energy 等瞄准并网就绪的反应堆。

State of the art今日状态

Two paths run in parallel: magnetic confinement (tokamaks and stellarators that hold plasma with field lines) and inertial confinement (lasers compressing tiny fuel pellets). High-temperature superconducting magnets — REBCO tape — broke a 30-year ceiling on compact tokamak field strength. Multiple private programs now plan first plasma between 2026 and 2028.两条路径并行：磁约束（用磁力线维持等离子体的托卡马克与仿星器）与惯性约束（用激光压缩微小燃料丸）。高温超导磁体——REBCO 带材——打破了紧凑型托卡马克磁场强度三十年的天花板。多个私营项目预计 2026–2028 年实现首次等离子体。

Where it goes next未来走向

→
First commercial fusion electricity on the grid in the 2030s.2030 年代，首批商业聚变电力并入电网。
→
Fusion + electrolysis enabling unlimited green hydrogen and ammonia.聚变 + 电解，催生无限绿氢与绿氨。
→
Deep-space fusion propulsion to outer planets.用于外行星的深空聚变推进。

Applications today现今应用

Baseload clean electricity at planetary scale.行星尺度的基础荷洁净电力。
Process heat for decarbonized industry (steel, cement).为脱碳工业（钢铁、水泥）提供工艺热。
Long-duration spaceflight propulsion.长航时航天推进。